Linguistics

The article deals with sight interpreting as a necessary stage of teaching the interpreter to work with a foreign delegation within a cultural programme. Proper cross-cultural communication requires skills and experience in working with the authentic Russian and foreign texts, parallel glossaries, in order to enrich the professional thesaurus, and train translation of cultural discourse texts.

The paper aims at identifying the connection between the target domain and the source domain (represented by the PARTS OF MECHANISM, MECHANISM REPAIR, MECHANISM ACTIVATION). The author uses continuous sampling method, as well as methods of conceptual and component analysis, in order to elicit multiple target domains and the mapping principle. The sentences under research (512 metaphorical expressions) were taken from various British and American popular science journals on Biology. The author considers the key works written in the field of conceptual metaphor (G.

Political correctness is one of the key values of the American society that characterizes the distinguishing features of the national mentality. The ideas of political correctness are quite vividly represented in American English at the lexical, syntactic and communicative levels. The authors attempt to study the language implementation of the “People First” trend that emerged in the United States in the early 1990s, using the example of transformations in the fi eld of medical terminology.

The article off ers the development of the complex methodology for the study of the speech behavior of the intelligentsia characters. The material of the research is the plays and screenplays of the 60–80s of the 20th century by the Soviet authors such as Valentin Azernikov, Alexei Arbuzov, Vladimir Arro, Emil Braginsky and Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Vampilov, Alexander Volodin and Leonid Zorin, and others. The article considers methodological approaches to the study of the speech behavior of literary characters belonging to the same social group.

The article considers the communicative category of politeness and defi nes the role of this category in the process of professional doctor-patient communication. The category of politeness functions in the form of speech etiquette and is obligatory in doctor-patient conversations. The authors have analyzed the means of realization of speech etiquette and politeness in situations of professional medical communication, and determined those which are most frequently used in strategies of medical discourse.

The Russian language of the second and third decades of the twentieth century is undergoing signifi cant changes. In the modern digital world, the media is losing its position as the most infl uential sphere of communication, giving way to social networks that are far from normative. The monitoring of the state of modern speech (colloquial, mass media, scientifi c, business, artistic) carried out by the authors of this article shows that a number of changes are taking place in it. Notional parts of speech regularly undergo semantic and stylistic transformations.

The article analyzes the main defi nitions of the concept of „language norm“ by domestic and foreign linguists of the early 20–21st centuries. Thus, the dichotomy of F. de Saussure “language” and “speech” is considered, on the basis of which most studies of the concept of “norm” were built. The defi nitions of the norm given by E. Coseriu, representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle are analyzed. The social and dynamic nature of the language norm is revealed in the defi nitions of Russian scientists: A. M. Peshkovsky, S. I. Ozhegov, D. N. Ushakov and V. I. Dal, L. V.

The article considers the comparative analysis of the articulation-acoustic characteristics of the vocalism of the modern English and Russian languages (on the examples of the scientifi c discourse), taking into account combinatorial and positional changes that aff ect the characteristics of unstressed vocalism, a number of typical modifi cations in the timbre, temporal, dynamic and tonal characteristics of unstressed languages are identifi ed.

The article contains a comparative analysis of legal terms in the British and American variants of the English language. The author points out that the British term is understood as the one belonging to the law of England and Wales since Scotland and Northern Ireland have a diff erent law system. The article contains a classifi cation of legal terms based on the absence or presence of diff erences between the British and American variants, as well as the character of diff erences.

Current research studies the concept of “gender” as one of the social factors that determine the choice of language means defi ned as more typical for female or male speech. The study focuses on the speech of Theresa May, the former British Prime Minister, the second female Prime Minister after M. Thatcher. The analysis of 10 interviews with male and female journalists is based on the classifi cations of masculine and feminine language means described in the studies of such linguists as R. Lakoff , a representative of feminist criticism of language, W. O’Barr and B.