For citation:
Balakina J. В., Yin Z. Changes in the UK leading media's portrayal of China during the Covid-19 pandemic and the special military operation. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism, 2025, vol. 25, iss. 2, pp. 229-236. DOI: 10.18500/1817-7115-2025-25-2-229-236, EDN: UNFBNN
Changes in the UK leading media's portrayal of China during the Covid-19 pandemic and the special military operation
The aim of the present study is to trace changes in the construction of the image of China in the British media during two crisis periods: the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian military operation. Each period encompasses a panic (escalation) phase and a recovery (stagnation) phase. Using data from the Factiva database, 70,356 articles published in four British media outlets were analyzed: The Times, The Sun, The Guardian and The Daily Mirror. The methodological basis of the study constitute the dependency theory and the agenda setting theory. At the instrumental level, frame analysis, sentiment analysis and keyword analysis were used. Following the initial panic reaction to the COVID pandemic, China’s image has been restored through favorable media coverage. Negative reporting surged initially but waned as the pandemic subsided. China’s neutral stance on the Russian military operation had a limited impact on media reporting. The image experienced a brief setback before rebounding. The short term media attention during the escalation was accompanied by explicitly negative evaluations, whereas the stagnation phase coverage might be said to have rather improved China’s image. It is concluded that although both crisis periods had a certain impact on the construction of the image of China, the British media in the discourse continue to adhere to the tendencies of accusing China of violating human rights, as well as paying special attention and criticizing domestic politics. These results are consistent with the tendencies revealed in other studies before the pandemic.
- Balakina J. State, media, people during COVID-19 pandemic Communications. Media. Design, 2023, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 24‒39.
- Casero-Ripollés A. Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El profesional de la información, 2020, vol. 29, no. 2, art. e290223. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
- Hubner A. How did we get here? A framing and source analysis of early COVID-19 media coverage. Communication Research Reports, 2021, vol. 38, iss. 2, pp. 112‒120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112
- Muñiz C. Media system dependency and change in risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tripodos, 2020, vol. 1, no. 47, pp. 11‒26. https://doi.org/10.51698/ tripodos.2020.47p11-26
- McCombs M., Shaw D. The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972, vol. 36, iss. 2, pp. 176‒187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
- Eilders C. Media as political actors? Issue focusing and selective emphasis in the German quality press. German Politics, 2000, vol. 9, iss. 3, pp.181–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644000008404613
- Z hang L. News media and EU-China relations. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 230 p. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230118638
- Seib P., Powers S. China in the news. Los Angeles, CA, USC Center on Public Diplomacy, 2010. 46 p.
- Khan A., Ashraf S. I., Jan F. Representing the ‘Other’: The Framing of China in BBC English and Urdu Online News. Pakistan Journal of Media Sciences, 2022, vol. 3, iss. 1, pp. 1‒30.
- Sparks C. Coverage of China in the UK national press. Chinese Journal of Communication, 2010, vol. 3, iss. 3, pp. 347‒365. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2010.499637
- Wang Q. The China–EU relation and media representation of China: The case of British newspaper’s coverage of China in the post-Brexit referendum era. Asia Europe Journal, 2022, vol. 20, iss. 3, pp. 283‒303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-021-00611-9
- Ball-Rokeach S. J., Defleur M. L. A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects. Communication Research, 1976, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101
- Manheim J. B., Albritton R. B. Changing national images: International public relations and media agenda setting. The American Political Science Review, 1984, vol. 78, iss. 3, pp. 641–657. https://doi.org/10.2307/1961834
- Huang Y., Leung C. C. M. Western-led press coverage of Mainland China and Vietnam during the SARS crisis: Reassessing the concept of ‘media representation of the other’. Asian Journal of Communication, 2005, vol. 15, iss. 3, pp. 302‒318. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980500261621
- Fan X., Zhang Y. “Just a virus” or politicized virus? Global media reporting of China on COVID-19. Chinese Sociological Review, 2022, vol. 55, iss. 1, pp. 38–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2022.2116308
- Wen J., Aston J., Liu X., Ying T. Effects of misleading media coverage on public health crisis: A case of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. Anatolia, 2020, vol. 31, iss. 2, pp. 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1730621
- Ittefaq M., Abwao M., Baines A., Belmas G., Kamboh S. A., Figueroa J. A pandemic of hate: Social representations of COVID-19 in the media. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2022, vol. 22, iss. 1, pp. 225‒252. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12300
- Jia W., Lu F. US media’s coverage of China’s handling of COVID 19: Playing the role of the fourth branch of government or the fourth estate? Global Media and China, 2021, vol. 6, iss. 1, pp. 8‒23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436421994003